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theoretical characteristic

  • 1 теоретическая характеристика

    2) Telecommunications: theoretical performance

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > теоретическая характеристика

  • 2 идеализированная характеристика

    2) Mathematics: idealized characteristic

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > идеализированная характеристика

  • 3 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 4 perfil

    m.
    1 outline, shape (contorno).
    2 profile.
    de perfil in profile
    3 profile.
    4 side view, contour, profile.
    * * *
    1 (gen) profile
    2 (silueta) outline
    \
    de perfil in profile
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [gen] profile (tb fig); (=contorno) silhouette, outline; (Geol, Arquit) section, cross section; (Fot) side view

    de perfil — in profile, from the side

    perfil bajo, neumáticos de perfil bajo — low-profile tyres o (EEUU) tires

    2) [profesional] profile

    perfil del cliente — (Com) customer profile

    3) pl perfiles (=rasgos) features, characteristics; (=cortesías) social courtesies; (=retoques) finishing touches
    * * *
    1)
    a) (del cuerpo, la cara) profile

    una foto/un retrato de perfil — a profile photograph/portrait

    visto de perfil — seen from the side, if you look at it from the side

    b) (contorno, silueta) profile, silhouette
    2) (Arquit) cross section; (Tec) profile, longitudinal section
    3) ( características) profile
    * * *
    = profile, profile, contour, pattern.
    Ex. The user then receives, on a regular basis, notifications of new documents or information which fall within the topic specified in his profile.
    Ex. A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.
    Ex. As a result, requesters have turned to the courts to define the contours of public access in the computer age.
    Ex. In the same way that citation orders may have more or less theoretical foundations, equally reference generation may follow a predetermined pattern.
    ----
    * creación de perfiles de usuario = user profiling.
    * crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.
    * de perfil = in profile.
    * impreso de perfil de búsqueda = profile search form.
    * perfil de búsqueda = search profile.
    * perfil de grupo = group profile.
    * perfil de interés = subject interest.
    * perfil de interés del usuario = subject profile, user interest profile.
    * perfil de la biblioteca = library profile.
    * perfil de un + Nombre = Nombre + in profile.
    * perfil documental = document profile.
    * perfil DSI = SDI profile.
    * perfil genético = genetic pattern.
    * perfil profesional = career profile.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (del cuerpo, la cara) profile

    una foto/un retrato de perfil — a profile photograph/portrait

    visto de perfil — seen from the side, if you look at it from the side

    b) (contorno, silueta) profile, silhouette
    2) (Arquit) cross section; (Tec) profile, longitudinal section
    3) ( características) profile
    * * *
    = profile, profile, contour, pattern.

    Ex: The user then receives, on a regular basis, notifications of new documents or information which fall within the topic specified in his profile.

    Ex: A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.
    Ex: As a result, requesters have turned to the courts to define the contours of public access in the computer age.
    Ex: In the same way that citation orders may have more or less theoretical foundations, equally reference generation may follow a predetermined pattern.
    * creación de perfiles de usuario = user profiling.
    * crear un perfil = compile + profile, formulate + profile.
    * de perfil = in profile.
    * impreso de perfil de búsqueda = profile search form.
    * perfil de búsqueda = search profile.
    * perfil de grupo = group profile.
    * perfil de interés = subject interest.
    * perfil de interés del usuario = subject profile, user interest profile.
    * perfil de la biblioteca = library profile.
    * perfil de un + Nombre = Nombre + in profile.
    * perfil documental = document profile.
    * perfil DSI = SDI profile.
    * perfil genético = genetic pattern.
    * perfil profesional = career profile.

    * * *
    A
    1 (del cuerpo, de la cara) profile
    una foto/un retrato de perfil de su hijo a profile photograph/portrait of her son
    vista de perfil me recuerda a su hermana seen from the side o if you look at her from the side, she looks like her sister, in profile she reminds me of her sister
    un perfil griego/romano a Greek/Roman profile
    2 (contorno, silueta) profile, silhouette
    B
    1 ( Arquit) cross section
    2 ( Tec) profile, longitudinal section
    3 ( Inf) footprint
    C
    (rasgos, características): el perfil de la mujer moderna the profile of the modern woman
    quiere un puesto de trabajo que se adapte a su perfil he wants a position which suits his qualifications and experience
    les interesa una persona con un perfil empresarial they are looking for someone with a managerial background o with managerial experience
    Compuesto:
    genetic profile
    * * *

     

    perfil sustantivo masculino
    a) (del cuerpo, la cara) profile;


    visto de perfil seen from the side
    b) (contorno, silueta) profile, silhouette

    perfil sustantivo masculino
    1 profile
    2 (contorno) silhouette, outline, contour
    3 Geom cross section
    ' perfil' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ondulada
    - ondulado
    - silueta
    - costa
    - neto
    English:
    cross-section
    - dim
    - outline
    - profile
    - side view
    * * *
    perfil nm
    1. [de cara, cuerpo] profile;
    una foto de perfil a photograph in profile;
    en la foto salgo de perfil I appear in profile in the photo;
    le vi de perfil I saw him in profile o from the side;
    un perfil griego a Greek profile
    2. [contorno] outline, shape;
    un perfil aerodinámico an aerodynamic shape
    3. [característica] characteristic;
    el perfil de un candidato a candidate's profile;
    un perfil psicológico a psychological profile;
    buscan licenciados con un perfil comercial they are looking for graduates with a background in sales
    4. Mat cross section
    * * *
    m profile;
    de perfil in profile, from the side;
    dar el perfil para un cargo fit the profile
    * * *
    perfil nm
    1) : profile
    2)
    de perfil : sideways, from the side
    3) perfiles nmpl
    rasgos: features, characteristics
    * * *
    1. (de cosa) outline
    2. (de persona) profile

    Spanish-English dictionary > perfil

  • 5 кривая

    1.curve 2.path
    кривая блеска
    1.light curve 2.period-luminocity curve
    кривая видности
    1.eye sensitivity curve 2.relative luminance curve
    кривая покраснения
    reddening curve
    кривая приливо-отливного режима
    tidal curve
    кривая прохождения
    drift curve
    кривая равной освещенности
    1.isolux curve 2.isophote
    кривая равных оптических плотностей кривая развития
    development curve (of the solar spots)
    кривая распределения
    distribution curve
    кривая распределения энергии в спектре Солнца
    tral irradiation curve
    кривая спектрального распределения
    spectral-distribution curve
    кривая чувствительности
    sensitivity curve
    калибровочная кривая
    calibration curve
    характеристическая кривая
    1.characteristic curve 2.H and D curve (of photo emulsion)
    сглаженная кривая
    fair(ed) curve
    спектральная кривая
    spectral (distribution) curve
    теоретическая кривая
    theoretical curve
    экспоненциальная кривая
    exponent(ial) curve

    Русско-английский астрономический словарь > кривая

  • 6 Voigt, Paul Gustavus Adolphus Helmuth

    [br]
    b. 9 December 1901 Forest Hill, London, England
    d. 9 February 1981 Brighton, Ontario, Canada
    [br]
    English/Canadian electronics engineer, developer of electromechanical recording and reproductions systems, amplifiers and loudspeakers.
    [br]
    He received his education at Dulwich College and in 1922 graduated with a BSc from University College, London. He had an early interest in the application of valve amplifiers, and after graduating he was employed by J.E.Hough, Edison Bell Works, to develop a line of radio-receiving equipment. However, he became interested in the mechanical (and later electrical) side of recording and from 1925 developed principles and equipment. In particular he developed capacitor microphones, not only for in-house work but also commercially, until the mid-1930s. The Edison Bell company did not survive the Depression and closed in 1933. Voigt founded his own company, Voigt Patents Ltd, concentrating on loudspeakers for cinemas and developing horn loudspeakers for domestic use. During the Second World War he continued to develop loudspeaker units and gramophone pick-ups, and in 1950 he emigrated to Toronto, Canada, but his company closed. Voigt taught electronics, and from 1960 to 1969 he was employed by the Radio Regulations Laboratory in Ottawa. After retirement he worked with theoretical cosmology and fundamental interactions.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Most of Voigt's patents are concerned with improvements in the magnetic circuit in dynamic loudspeakers and centring devices for diaphragms. However, UK patent nos. 278,098, 404,037 and 447,749 may be regarded as particularly relevant. In 1940 Voigt contributed a remarkable paper on the principles of equalization in mechanical recording: "Getting the best from records, part 1—the recording characteristic", Wireless World (February): 141–4.
    Further Reading
    Personal accounts of experiences with Voigt may be found in "Paul Voigt's contribution to Audio", British Kinematography Sound and Television (October 1970): 316–27, which also includes a list of his patents.
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Voigt, Paul Gustavus Adolphus Helmuth

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